Calidad higiénico-sanitaria de dos sistemas de ordeño en fincas bovinas ubicadas en el sector Vuelta Larga, municipio Maturín, estado Monagas (Venezuela) / Hygienic-sanitary quality of two milking systems in bovine farms located in sector Vuelta Larga, Maturín municipal state, Monagas state (Venezuela)

RESUMEN El objetivo de la presente investigación fue evaluar la calidad higiénico-sanitaria de dos sistemas de ordeño en fincas bovinas del municipio Maturín estado Monagas (Venezuela). El ensayo tuvo una duración de seis semanas, se calculó la eficiencia higiénica (%EH) de las instalaciones, el personal, la rutina de ordeño, la limpieza-desinfección y el almacenamiento-transporte de dos unidades de producción. Adicionalmente, se determinó la población de bacterias aerobias mesófilas (BAM) que se cuantificaron en un experimento en bloques al azar, con arreglo factorial de los tratamientos (2x2) donde el factor A, correspondió al sistema de ordeño manual y mecánico y el factor B, a la aplicación y omisión de secado de los pezones de cada animal previo al ordeño. La variable se examinó por análisis de varianza y sus valores promedios comparados por Tukey al 5% de probabilidad. El %EH de las fincas evaluadas fue de 66,66% para la finca 2 y de 54,84% para la finca 1, considerados no satisfactorios. Los resultados obtenidos para la variable BAM indican que el factor sistema de ordeño mostró diferencia altamente significativa (p ≤ 0,01); el sistema manual presentó el menor conteo con 5,24 Log10 UFC/ mL; mientras que para el factor condición de secado se constató diferencia significativa (p ≤ 0,05), ya que la aplicación de secado presentó la menor población de bacterias aerobias mesófilas con 5,25 Log10 UFC/mL. Las medidas higiénicas y sanitarias implementadas en la rutina de ordeño influyeron directamente en la calidad de la leche cruda.

ABSTRACT The objective of the present investigation, was to evaluate the 'Hygienic-Sanitary Quality of two Milking Systems in Bovine Farms' in Vuelta Larga Sector, Maturín City, Monagas State (Venezuela). The trial lasted six weeks, in which the Hygienic Efficiency (% EH) of the facilities, the workers, the milking routine, the cleaning and disinfection measures and the storage and transport of both milking systems, were calculated. Furthermore, the population of Mesophilic Aerobic Bacteria (BAM) was determined ; The data were processed following a distribution in random blocks with factorial arrangement (2x2) whose factor A represented the milking system: manual and mechanical, and the factor B was the application and omission of manual drying of teats for each animal prior to milking. The percentage of Hygienic Efficiency (% EH) of the farms evaluated was not satisfactory, corresponding to 66.66% in the farm 2 and 54.84% in the farm 1. The variable was examined by analysis of variance and its mean values compared by Tukey test at 5% of probability. Factor A achieved a highly significant difference (p ≤0.01), with the manual system obtaining the lowest count with 5.24 Log10 CFU / mL. In factor B significant difference was found (p≤0.05), the drying application decreased the BAM population with 5.25 Log10 CFU / mL. The Hygienic and Sanitary measures implemented in the milking routine directly influence the quality of raw milk.

Bacteriological assessment of some vegetables and ready-to-eat salads in Alexandria, Egypt.

BACKGROUND: Fresh vegetables and ready-to-eat salads (RTES) are essential components of human diet. Despite their benefits, they remain a major public health concern, because they have been implicated in foodborne illness outbreaks in numerous countries. AIM: The present study aimed to assess the bacteriological quality of some fresh vegetables and RTES in Alexandria, Egypt. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This cross-sectional study included 121 samples of vegetables and RTES that were randomly purchased from different markets, restaurants, and street vendors in three districts in Alexandria. All samples were subjected to heterotrophic plate count using pour plate method; detection and enumeration of total coliforms, fecal coliforms and Escherichia coli by multiple tube dilution method; and isolation and detection of Salmonella spp. using standard microbiological methods. RESULTS: The aerobic colony count (ACC) for the 71 tested fresh vegetable samples ranged from 2.0 to 10.4 log CFU/g. Green pepper had the highest ACC mean value (8.4 log CFU/g), whereas lettuce showed the lowest ACC mean (5.1 log CFU/g). Fecal coliforms were detected in 90.1% of tested vegetable samples and 66% of the examined RTES samples. Of the 22 street-vended RTES samples, 18.2% were significantly unsatisfactory regarding E. coli. Salmonella spp. was not detected in any of the examined samples. CONCLUSION: All examined samples were contaminated and yielded growth of aerobic mesophilic bacteria with varying densities. According to the Public Health Laboratories guidelines, only street-vended RTES samples yielded unsatisfactory levels of E. coli, which indicates the need for close supervision and regular inspection of hygienic practices and preparation methods of street-vended salads.

Bactérias aeróbias mesófilas contaminantes do leite de vaca uht (ultra hight temperature) comercializado em Maceió - Al / UHT (ultra hight temperature) cow's milk contaminating aerobic bacteria marketed in Maceió - Al

O leite de vaca UHT nem sempre é um alimento isento de contaminações, podendo sofrer deterioração. A má qualidade microbiológica do leite, além de ser um problema de saúde pública, também altera as características sensoriais e a vida útil dos seus derivados. Inúmeras pesquisas mostram que os principais fatores responsáveis por surtos de doenças de origem alimentar estão no manuseio incorreto dos alimentos desde a sua obtenção até a sua estocagem, incluindo a falta de higiene na sua obtenção ou no processamento e no tratamento térmico insuficiente ou incorreto, deste modo podendo ser incorporados ou sobreviver no leite diversos micro-organismos. O objetivo deste estudo foi quantificar bactérias aeróbias mesófilas contaminantes do leite de vaca UHT comercializado em Maceió - AL. Para a contagem padrão de bactérias aeróbias mesófilas, 1,0mL de cada diluição foisemeado em duplicata diretamente em placas de Petri esterilizadas, pelo método pour plate, com Ágar para contagem padrão (PCA). Das doze marcas comerciais analisadas, cinco (41,6%) apresentaram contaminação por bactérias aeróbias mesófilas, porém nenhuma delas com contagens acima do permitido pelo Regulamento Técnico. Os Leites UHT analisados não apresentaram contaminantes microbianos ou valores destes acima do permitido pela legislação, o que demonstra eficiência do processo de esterilização UHT, evidenciando-se também a aplicação das Boas Práticas de maneira eficiente.

The UHT cow milk is not always a food free from contamination and may suffer decay. Poor microbiological quality of milk, in addition to being a problem of public health also changes the sensory characteristics and lifetime of its derivatives. Numerous polls show that the main factors responsible for outbreaks of food-borne diseases are on the mishandling of food since its acquisition until its storage, including the lack of hygiene in your obtaining or processing and heat treatment insufficient or incorrect in this way may be embedded or survive in milk various microorganisms. The objective of this study was to quantify aerobic mesophilic bacteria contaminants of UHT cow milk marketed in Maceió/AL. For the default count of aerobic mesophilic bacteria, 1.0 mL of each dilution was sown in duplicate directly into sterile Petri dishes, pour plate method, with Agar for count standard (PCA). Of the twelve trademarks analyzed five (41.6) showed contamination by mesophilic aerobic bacteria, but none with scores above the allowed by the Technical Regulation. The UHT Milks analyzed showed no microbial contaminants or values of these above permitted by legislation, which demonstrates efficiency of UHT sterilization process, showing also the application of good practices efficiently.

Two-stage anaerobic and post-aerobic mesophilic digestion of sewage sludge: Analysis of process performance and hygienization potential.

Sequential anaerobic-aerobic digestion has been demonstrated to be effective for enhanced sludge stabilization, in terms of increased solid reduction and improvement of sludge dewaterability. In this study, we propose a modified version of the sequential anaerobic-aerobic digestion process by operating the aerobic step under mesophilic conditions (T=37 °C), in order to improve the aerobic degradation kinetics of soluble and particulate chemical oxygen demand (COD). Process performance has been assessed in terms of "classical parameters" such as volatile solids (VS) removal, biogas production, COD removal, nitrogen species, and polysaccharide and protein fate. The aerobic step was operated under intermittent aeration to achieve nitrogen removal. Aerobic mesophilic conditions consistently increased VS removal, providing 32% additional removal vs. 20% at 20 °C. Similar results were obtained for nitrogen removal, increasing from 64% up to 99% at the higher temperature. Improved sludge dewaterability was also observed with a capillary suction time decrease of ~50% during the mesophilic aerobic step. This finding may be attributable to the decreased protein content in the aerobic digested sludge. The post-aerobic digestion exerted a positive effect on the reduction of microbial indicators while no consistent improvement of hygienization related to the increased temperature was observed. The techno-economic analysis of the proposed digestion layout showed a net cost saving for sludge disposal estimated in the range of 28-35% in comparison to the single-phase anaerobic digestion.

Evolução da qualidade microbiológica e físico-química do leite pasteurizado / Evolution of microbiological and physico-chemical quality of pasteurized milk

A qualidade do leite é definida, entre outros parâmetros, por um reduzido número de micro-organismos deteriorantes, baixa contagem de células somáticas e ausência de patógenos e resíduos químicos. Diversos trabalhos realizados em diferentes regiões do país têm enfatizado o elevado percentual de amostras fora dos padrões. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar a evolução da qualidade microbiológica e físico química do leite pasteurizado produzido no Estado do Paraná ao longo de 7 anos. Foram analisadas 457 amostras de leite Pasteurizado, sendo 104 amostras no ano de 2008, 269 amostras em 2011 e 84 amostras em 2014. As amostras foram submetidas às análises físico-químicas de crioscopia e pesquisa de enzimas fosfatase alcalina e peroxidase. Quanto às análises microbiológicas, foram realizadas contagens de coliformes a 30°C, coliformes 45°C e contagem padrão em placas. No laboratório, as análises físico químicas foram realizadas de acordo com a Instrução Normativa 68 e microbiológicas conforme a Instrução Normativa 62, ambas do Ministério da Agricultura Pecuária e Abastecimento. Os resultados demonstraram que com o passar dos anos a qualidade microbiológica do leite diminuiu, havendo um aumento de amostras fora do padrão. Quanto às enzimas fosfatase alcalina e peroxidase, a temperatura de pasteurização foi respeitada ao longo do tempo e o superaquecimento do leite foi mais frequente em 2011.As fraudes por adição de água diminuíram ou então ficaram mais sofisticadas, dificultando sua detecção.

Milk quality is defined, among other parameters, by a reduced number of spoilage microorganisms, low somatic cell count and the absence of pathogens and chemical waste. Several studies conducted in different regions of the country have emphasized the high percentage of samples not complying with the standard. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the evolution of microbiological and physicochemical qualityof pasteurized milk produced in the State of Paraná over 7 years. A total of 457 samples of pasteurized milk were analyzed, 104 samples in 2008, 269 samples in 2011 and 84 samples in 2014. The samples were subjected to physico chemical analysis of cryoscopy and enzyme search for alkaline phosphatase and peroxidase. Regarding microbiological tests, coliform counts were performed at 30°C and 45°C and countplate pattern. In the laboratory, physico chemical analysis were performed according to the Normative 68 and microbiological as normative instruction 62, both of the Brazilian Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Food Supply. The results showed that over the years the microbiological quality of milk decreased, with an increase of non-standard samples. For enzymes alkaline phosphatase, peroxidase, the pasteurization temperature has been observed over time and the overheating of the milk was more frequentin 2011. Fraud by addition of water in milk has either decreased or become more sophisticated, makingits detection difficult.

Avaliação de microrganismos mesófilos aeróbicos em placas de corte após diferentes métodos de higienização / Evaluation of mesophilic aerobic in cutting boards after different methods of cleaning

INTRODUÇÃO: Superfícies contaminadas que entram em contato com alimentos podem representar perigos pelo risco de contaminação cruzada. Processos de higienização adequados devem ser utilizados para minimizar esses riscos. OBJETIVO: Avaliar, por meio de testes laboratoriais, os efeitos dos métodos de higienização sobre as bactérias mesófilas aeróbias (MA) em placas de polietileno utilizadas no processamento de alimentos que não passam por cocção em uma unidade produtora de refeições (UPR) na cidade de Porto Alegre/RS. MÉTODOS: Foram utilizadas 6 placas de corte sendo três delas de aquisição recente (grupo 1) e outras três com mais de um ano de uso (grupo 2). As placas foram pareadas para a realização da avaliação dos três processos distintos de higienização, sendo que o procedimento de limpeza com água e detergente neutro foi comum a todas. Após a realização de cada um dos processos as placas foram encaminhadas para laboratório para a realização dos testes de plaqueamento em superfície direta para verificar a contagem de colônias de bactérias mesófilas aeróbias. RESULTADOS: O procedimento de higienização com o hipoclorito de sódio foi o método que apresentou os melhores resultados sobre a contagem das mesófilas aeróbias sobre as placas de polietileno do grupo 1. Nas placas do grupo 2 nenhum dos processos realizados contribuiu para a diminuição da contagem das MA. CONCLUSÃO: Ficou evidenciado que o estado de conservação interferiu sobre os resultados da contagem de MA nos processos de higienização das superfícies das placas de polietileno.

BACKGROUND: Contaminated surfaces that come into contact with food may pose dangers due to the risk of cross-contamination. Appropriate cleaning procedures must be used to minimize these risks. AIM: To valuate, by means of laboratory tests, the effects of the methods of cleaning on the aerobic mesophilic (AM) bacteria on polyethylene plates used in food processing that do not go through a cooking process in a food production unit (UPR) in the city of Porto Alegre / RS. paired for the evaluation of three distinct hygiene processes. The cleaning procedure with water and neutral detergent was common to all of them. After performing each cleaning process, the plates were sent to the laboratory for the direct surface plating tests to check the AM bacteria colonies counting. RESULTS: The procedure of cleaning with sodium hypochlorite was the method that showed the best results on the (AM) bacteria counting on the polyethylene plates of group 1. In group 2 plates, none of the processes performed contributed to the decreased counts of AM bacteria. CONCLUSION: Thus, it was evident that the conservation status interfered on the results of the counting of AM bacteria in the hygiene procedures of polyethylene plates surfaces.